누가 Catherine of Aragon와 결혼 했습니까?

Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine, historical Spanish: Catharina, now: Catalina; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 11 June 1509 until its annulment on 23 May 1533. She had previously been Princess of Wales while married to Henry's elder brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales, for a short period before his death.

Catherine was born at the Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares, and was the youngest child of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. She was three years old when she was betrothed to Arthur, the eldest son of Henry VII of England. They married in 1501, but Arthur died five months later. Catherine spent years in limbo, and during this time, she held the position of ambassador of the Aragonese crown to England in 1507, the first known female ambassador in European history. She married Henry VIII shortly after his accession in 1509. For six months in 1513, she served as regent of England while Henry was in France. During that time the English defeated a Scottish invasion at the Battle of Flodden, an event in which Catherine played an important part with an emotional speech about courage and patriotism.

By 1526, Henry was infatuated with Anne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughter Mary as heir presumptive at a time when there was no established precedent for a woman on the throne. He sought to have their marriage annulled, setting in motion a chain of events that led to England's schism with the Catholic Church. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him by assuming supremacy over religious matters in England. In 1533, their marriage was consequently declared invalid and Henry married Anne on the judgement of clergy in England, without reference to the pope. Catherine refused to accept Henry as supreme head of the Church in England and considered herself the King's rightful wife and queen, attracting much popular sympathy. Despite this, Henry acknowledged her only as dowager princess of Wales. After being banished from court by Henry, Catherine lived out the remainder of her life at Kimbolton Castle, dying there in January 1536 of cancer. The English people held Catherine in high esteem, and her death set off tremendous mourning. Her daughter Mary became the first undisputed English queen regnant in 1553.

Catherine commissioned The Education of a Christian Woman by Juan Luis Vives, who dedicated the book, controversial at the time, to the Queen in 1523. Such was Catherine's impression on people that even her adversary Thomas Cromwell said of her, "If not for her sex, she could have defied all the heroes of History." She successfully appealed for the lives of the rebels involved in the Evil May Day, for the sake of their families, and also won widespread admiration by starting an extensive programme for the relief of the poor. Catherine was a patron of Renaissance humanism and a friend of the great scholars Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More.

Artur Tudor (ur. 20 września 1486 w Winchesterze, zm. 2 kwietnia 1502 w Ludlow) – książę Kornwalii od roku 1486, książę Walii i hrabia Chester od roku 1489. Najstarszy syn króla Anglii Henryka VII i Elżbiety York, córki Edwarda IV, pierwszy mąż Katarzyny Aragońskiej.

헨리 8세(Henry VIII, 1491년 6월 28일 ~ 1547년 1월 28일)는 헨리 7세 뒤를 이은 잉글랜드 국왕이다. 튜더가로서는 두 번째 국왕이었다. 헨리 8세는 여섯 번에 이르는 결혼과 이 과정에서 로마 가톨릭 교회와 불화 끝에 수장령을 통해 잉글랜드 교회를 분리 독립 시킨 것으로 유명하다.

헨리 8세는 교황 수위권에 대항하기 위해 왕권신수설로 자신의 행위를 정당화하였고 이를 바탕으로 전제군주로서 행동하였다. 종종 반대자에게 정치적 반역 혐의와 함께 이단 혐의를 씌웠고, 사권박탈법으로 피의자의 법적 지위를 박탈하여 정식 재판 없이 처형하였다. 헨리 8세는 토머스 울지, 토머스 모어, 토머스 크롬웰, 토머스 크랜머 등 두드러진 인물을 총리로 두어 통치하였으나 자신의 뜻과 맞지 않을 때는 추방하거나 처형하기를 서슴치 않았다.

로마 교황청으로 가던 교회의 수입 상당수가 왕실로 향하게 됨으로서 헨리 8세는 유래없는 자금을 확보할 수 있었으나, 사치스러운 생활과 비효율적 국정 운영, 막대한 비용을 들인 전쟁 등으로 재정 사정은 좋지 못하였고 종종 파산 위기를 겪었다.

1535년과 1542년 웨일스 법을 통해 웨일스를 잉글랜드의 하위 구역으로 완전히 통합하였고, 1542년 아일랜드 군주법을 통해 아일랜드의 국왕으로 즉위하였다. 이후 20세기에 들어 아일랜드가 독립할 때까지 잉글랜드의 국왕은 자동적으로 아일랜드의 국왕을 겸임하였다.

당대 사람들은 헨리 8세를 매력적이나 야욕이 강한 카리스마 넘치는 통치자로 여겼다. 그는 스스로 글을 쓰고 음악을 만들며 다재 다능한 면모를 과시하였고 각종 스포츠와 게임, 도박 등 활동에도 열정을 보였다. 젊어서는 탄탄한 몸매를 지녔으나 점차 체중이 늘어 중년이 되자 심각한 과체중과 함께 여러 질병을 앓았다. 말년의 헨리 8세는 종종 음탕하고 이기적이며 편집증적인 폭군으로 묘사된다. 헨리 8세 사망 이후 당시 아홉살이었던 에드워드 6세가 후계를 계승하였다.